Part II: American School of French Marquetry – Fleur Éclaté

February 23, 2016 Luke Addington

Fleur éclaté, my second advanced study piece.

The goal is to cut the exterior lines in piece by piece and the interior lines in Boulle technique, but to leave no gaps in the final piece. If you are familiar with Boulle technique you know that it leaves a saw kerf gap in the final design. Here we are using the éclaté technique to eliminate those gaps but also keep the advantages of the much faster process of Boulle technique for the interior lines.

This is achieved by compensating for the thickness of the saw kerfs by making a cut in the paper design and spacing them out so that the extra material internally will close the gaps and push the pieces tightly together. These cuts must be planned out carefully and I plan on doing a blog post in the future explaining it further.

To keep this organized I’ll number the explanations for the photos working from left to right for the entirety of the post. 1. refers to the top left, 2. top middle, 3. top right, 4. bottom left, etc.

1-3. Here are my test samples. Notice the big gaps. As mentioned before this technique allows you to cut out a piece more quickly than with the traditional piece by piece method but it also allows you to do something very interesting with the grain. Because the flower is cut all at once the grain flows through it seamlessly and with no gaps!

4&5. Here I've dialed in the method for cutting this particular flower through some creative problem solving and practice pieces. No gaps!

6. I used 1.5mm thick maple for the test pieces. Éclaté in the tray!

Here is the final design for the 2 flowers that make up the actual marquetry panel. I made a packet of curly maple and set to work.

I have indicators drawn in red to remind myself of places where I either need to a) remove the line plus a saw kerf of material, b) remove the line totally, c) split the line in half, d) leave the line, and e) leave the line plus a saw kerf of material. This applies to the exterior lines of the flower only. The interior lines should be split down the middle.

It is complicated and requires control and precision in cutting. It is difficult to cut the transitions smoothly.

Here I am cutting out the leaves for the panel with straight piece by piece technique. Note the "holes" at the tips of the leaves. This is an excellent method for making turns that are tighter than 90 degrees. Because all of the veneer outside of the leaf doesn't matter I can cut into it, make a sharp turn, then come back to the line.

1. Laid out in exploded view to make sure I have everything.

2. Here I've made my shading guide. It's important to plan out your shading as it can determine the success or failure of a piece.

3&4. A reasonably good job of following the shading.

1. This is the background packet which is cut after the interior elements. This piece has two bridges. Bridges keep isolated or weak background elements in place so they don't move when the background is pressed onto the assembly board with hot hide glue. After this the bridges are cut with the tranchet so the interior elements can be placed inside the background.

2. The bridges in the actual background veneer. Notice the background element is suspended by them.

1. Here the piece is assembled face down.

2. Pressed onto a substrate.

3. Alcohol to show the colors once it's French polished.

4. Ready for final sanding and French polishing. This is the first éclaté piece done in North America in over 10 years.

Part I: American School of French Marquetry – Music Motif

February 23, 2016 Luke Addington

A 50+ hour advanced study project at ASFM (The American School of French Marquetry) focused on this piece by piece music motif. Piece by piece is the most technically difficult and complex method for cutting marquetry. The goal is to either leave half of the 0.1mm line or remove it completely without taking any extra material. This is what gives you a seamless fit in the finished panel.

To keep this organized I will number the explanations for the photos working from left to right for the entirety of the post. 1. refers to the top left, 2. top right, 3. bottom left, 4. bottom right, etc.

1. Good marquetry starts with a good drawing. I had about 20 copies. The first three copies are pulled from the stack and used for a color index, shading guide, and background template in that order. This is my color index for this piece.

2. The rest of the copies are used to cut out the interior elements. All of these should be cut out with about 1mm around the outline. It's a good idea to organize them in an exploded view to make sure you don't leave any pieces out.

3. Afterwards the pieces can be organized by color. This helps speed up and organize the packet assembly process.

4. All of the pieces are now glued to the veneer packets with hot hide glue. Each packet, from the bottom up, consists of a 3mm backer board, a layer of grease paper, three 0.9mm sliced veneer sheets, and the glued on design. Veneer nails are placed around the elements to firmly hold the packet together. It took about two 10 hour days to make up all the packets I needed and to get all of the prep work done. At this time I also prepared the background packet which is kept inside a press for the duration of the interior element cutting as to not introduce any kind of warping or movement inside the pack. In a previous blogpost I show the construction of a background packet.

Video of the chevalet de marqueterie in action.

1&2. Focusing on smooth lines and sharp corners. As you advance you don't have to worry so much about hitting the line (you'll start to feel the line and hit it naturally) but making a beautiful line. When I first learned piece by piece I used the slow cutting and easily controlled 2/0 Escargot blade. For this study period I switched to the fast and aggressive 2/0 Pebeco skip tooth blade for speed and efficiency. It took a while to get used to but after about 12 hours of cutting I started to feel good with it.

3&4. All of the pieces cut out and again organized by color. Working away in my corner of the shop.

5&6. Showing the thickness of materials. For these practice pieces it is perfectly fine to use 0.9mm sliced materials. On real pieces 1.5mm thick material is the standard. The bone is at 1.5mm. Compare this to the other materials around it. Very nice to work with. I cut this with a 2/0 Escargot blade instead of the 2/0 Pebeco blade I used for everything else. It's a bit too tough for the pebeco. The escargot cut beautifully.

1-3. Organized in exploded view to make sure nothing is missing and checking some of the colors after sand shading.

4. Backer board after cutting the background.

1. The piece assembled face down on French kraft paper with hot hide glue. This is an incredibly important part of the French process.

2&3. Panel cleaned up a bit and pressed onto a substrate. At this point it is ready for final sanding and the beginning of French polish.

The next blog post will focus on a second study piece at ASFM where I completed a fleur éclaté marquetry panel.

The American School of French Marquetry

June 30, 2015 Luke Addington

I traveled to The American School of French Marquetry (ASFM) for a stage in Boulle method with Patrick Edwards and Patrice Lejeune. Boulle method refers to the process of stack cutting layers of veneer while Boulle marquetry generally refers to the brass, pewter, tortoise shell, and ebony marquetry of André Charles Boulle.

The 5 different historic marquetry types are:

1. Tarsia Certosina, cutting a cavity into a solid background and inserting a plug of veneer, bone, ivory, mother of pearl, etc. Recorded as early as 350 B.C.

2. Tarsia Geometrica, also called frisage or jeux de fond, a surface covering consisting of primarily geometric forms cut with a chisel or saw. Developed in the 14th century in Tuscany.

3. Tarsia a Toppo, developed in the 16th century. Synonymous with banding.

4. Tarsia a Incastro, developed in the 17th century. Conical cutting is a variation of this method. Also called stack cutting and Boulle method.

5. The Classic Method, also called Piece by Piece or Element par Element. Developed in 18th century France.

Pictured below is my first etude in Boulle marquetry. The chevalet holds a packet of veneers in a plane perpendicular to the saw blade, allowing the user to saw out multiple copies at once. The packet consists of a backer board, layer of grease paper, sheets of veneer, and the front board that the design is glued to. The packet is assembled with veneer tape. As elements are cut out they are organized in a tray. The parts are then assembled face down on an assembly board with hot animal protein glue. The saw kerf is filled with mastic (glue, water, sawdust), allowed to dry, sanded, and then pressed onto a substrate, adhered with hide glue. The paper is then removed from the front of the piece with cold water, a razor blade, and a scrubbing pad. The piece can then be scraped and sanded.

The assembly board is vital to French marquetry. Here is a short video of Patrick making one.

The second etude is a self portrait. It is drawn onto a piece of paper and then again with a fine tipped pen. The line is the guide for the saw blade. I can cut better than I can draw so was able to redesign a smoother picture as I went.

The third etude was similar to the first but more complex. Six sheets of veneer and more pieces to keep track of. Patrice gave me a lot of good advice. Once I understood it I could cut well. I was holding the packet in the wrong spot (too far from the blade). Patrice showed me how to hold it, how to keep the correct pressure feeding the packet into the blade, and how to turn smoothly. Notice that the blade has followed the line on the second photo in.

A few extra photos. In the first I'm cutting on the chevalet. The bottom row is Patrice with their second series of treasure boxes.

I learned so much and I recommend ASFM to anyone. It was very difficult to walk down the stairs and out the door on the last day. You build up a strong camaraderie with your classmates and teachers. For woodworkers, you get to be surrounded by passionate people who understand you and are tuned into the same world you are. You work together and learn every moment all week. I was not expecting how emotional leaving the school would be. I will be back very soon.

Patrice Lejeune, myself, and Patrick Edwards.